that this is in accordance with the promises and warnings of scripture. The difference is that here Paul shows, alongside this, that Gentiles are thereby being brought into the covenant family; and that he reveals the paradoxical role that the Torah played throughout the process.20 The passage is not about ‘human responsibility’ as such, nor simply about ‘Israel’s unbelief’.21 It is about the way in which, through the Messiah and the preaching which heralds him, Israel is transformed from being an